AMATEGEKO AREBANA NA TAQLID
Intangiriro
Amategeko y’idini, ni amategeko n’amabwiriza bigenga ibikorwa n’imyitwarire bya muntu ku buryo uwo muntu abaho bijyanye n’uko idini ribitegenya. Ni ngombwa rero ko umuntu amenya ayo mategeko n’amabwiriza kugirango ahamanye n’umutima we ko yujuje inshingano ze nk’uko yabitegetswe n’Imana Allah swt.
Inzira ebyiri gusa ni zo zishobora kwifashishwa na muntu kugirango abashe kumenya ayo mategeko y’idini agomba kubahiriza.
Izo nzira ni:
- Ijtihad: Kuba umuntu afite ubushobozi bwo kwivumburira ayo mategeko muri Quran ntagatifu, mu migenzo y’intumwa y’Imana ndetse n’ubundi buryo bwose bukoreshwa mu kuvoma amategeko y’idini. Umuntu wageze kuri uru rwego bamwita
- Taqlid: Ni uburyo n’inzira, umuntu utaragera ku rwego rwo kuba mujtahid, yifashisha ibyagezweho na mujtahid yizeyeho ubumenyi kurusha abandi, akabyifashisha akora ibikorwa bye.
Kuva mu ntangiriro z’ubuislamu, abantu bose bafite uburengazira bwo guhitamo imwe muri izi nzira uko ari ebyiri akaba ari bwo buryo bifashisha bakora ibikorwa byabo bya buri munsi, dore ko buri gikorwa cy’umuntu kigira itegeko rikigenga.[1]
Bamwe bagiye bahitamo inzira ya mbere, bakinjira mu mashuli yigisha amasomo y’idini maze nyuma y’imyaka myinshi biga bashyizeho umwete n’umuhate bakabasha kugera kuri urwo rwego rwo kubasha kwivumburira amategeko y’idini.
Abandi na bo bahitamo uburyo bwa kabiri, maze kugirango babashe gukora ibikorwa byabo nk’uko bitegenywa n’idini bakegera ba bamenyi bahisemo inzira ya mbere bakababaza uko bagomba kwitwara mu bikorwa byabo ngo babashe kubikora nk’uko biteganywa kandi byategetswe n’Imana.
- IJTIHAD
Ijambo “ijtihad” mu rurimi rw’icyarabu, risobanura umuhate naho mu nshoberamahanga z’ubumenyi bw’idini mu gice kijyanye n’amategeko bikavuga “kuvumbura no kuvoma amategeko y’idini hifashishijwe amasoko yayo[amategeko] nka Quran, Sunat, ubwenge na ij’ma[2].”
Kugirango umuntu agere kuri urwo rwego rero asabwa kuba afite ubumenyi buhagije mu rurimi rw’icyarabu kuko umwimerere w’amasoko avomwaho amategeko uri muri urwo rurimi.
Ubwo bumenyi bw’icyarabu ni: Sarfu[imihindagurikire y’ijambo ituma ijambo rigira ubusobanuro bushya], nah’wu [ubumenyi ku miterere y’ijambo no kubaka interuro], ma’aaniy, bayaan, badii’[ubuvanganzo mu mvugo no mu nyandiko] na almufradat[inyunguramagambo].
Agomba kandi kuba afite ubumenyi bujyanye na mantiq [ubumenyi bwo gukoresha inyurabwenge no gutanga za gihamya], Usulu fiqh[ubumenyi bwo kuvoma amategeko y’idini], rijaal[ubumenyi bwa hadith], diraayat[kumenya ubusobanuro bwa hadith no kubasha gutandukanya iz’ukuri n’iz’ibinyoma], Tafsir&ulumu al Quran[ubumenyi bugendanye na Quran nk’ubusesenguzi bwayo, kuyumva no kuyisobanukirwa,…].
Agomba kandi kuba asobanukiwe imvugo yakoreshwaga n’ababwirwaga yaba muri Quran cyangwa se muri sunat[3]. Agomba kuba azi kandi asobanukiwe amategeko yatanzwe n’abamenyi bamubanjiriije mu rwego rwo kwirinda kunyuranya n’ibyahuriweho na benshi mu bamenyi bamubanjirije.
Kuba afite ubushobozi bwo gusesengura no gusuzuma fatuwa[4] n’imvugo zo muri mazhabu ya ahlu sunat, by’umwihariko igihe hari hadith zigongana.
Agomba kwihatira umurimo wo kuvoma amategeko, akabyitoza kenshi ku buryo agera ubwo ahinduka umwami w’icyo gikorwa[5].
Nyuma yo kugira ubumenyi n’ubushobozi tumaze kuvuga hejuru, ndetse akaba yujuje n’ibindi byangombwa, Mujtahidi agomba gukora ibikorwa bye yubahiriza amategeko yavomye muri ya masoko, iyo aramutse hari ikosa yakoze mu kuvoma amategeko, aba afite impamvu yo kubabarirwa rya kosa[6].
Ingingo eshatu:
- Ijtihad si itegeko ku bantu bose, iyo umubare uhagije w’abantu bamwe babikoze, abasigaye nta nshingano zo kubikora baba bafite.[al wajib kifaayi]
- Umuntu udafite ubushobozi bwo gutanga fatuwa, kirazira kuri we (ni haramu)ko yatanga fatuwa[7].
- Ijtihad si umwihariko w’abagabo, n’abagore bashobora kugera kuri urwo rwego[8].
- TAQLID
- Nk’uko twabikomojeho hejuru, buri muislamu wese ugejeje igihe cyo gufata inshingano mu idini, akaba ataragera ku rwego rwa ijtihad kandi akaba atazi gukoresha uburyo bwitwa “ihtitatw[turaza kubirambura mu nyuma]” ni itegeko kuri we, ko mu bigendanye n’amategeko akurikira kandi akagendera ku mategeko ya Mujtahid.
- Taqlid, mu bijyanye n’amategeko ntirebana n’ibitegetswe n’ibibujijwe gusa, ahubwo no mu bikorwa bya mustahab, makuruhu na mubah ni cyo kimwe.
- Mujtahidi ukurikirwa[abandi bagendera ku mategeko ye] bamwita “Marjau’ taqlid”.
Mujathid ukurikirwa[Marjau taqlid] agomba kuba yujuje ibintu bikurikira:
- Kuba ari ku rwego rwa ijtihad
- Kuba afite ubwenge kandi afite ubukure
- Kuba ari umugabo
- Kuba yaravutse mu nzira ziziruwe
- Kuba ari umutabera[afite ubutabera]
- Kuba ariho[ari muzima]
- Kuba ari umushia w’abaimamu 12
- Kuba ari umumenyi kurusha abandi kandi ataratwawe n’irari ry’isi.
- Umutabera ni umuntu ufite ubushobozi bwo kwimika ubutabera, ndetse no kwigirira ubutabera ubwe atinya Imana, yirinda gukora ibyaha binini[bikuru][9] kandi akirinda guhora akora ibyaha bito.
- Umumenyi kurusha abandi, ni wawundi ubasha kumenya neza uburyo bwifashishwa mu kuvoma amategeko, kandi akaba asobanukiwe kurusha abandi amasoko yifashishwa mu kuvoma amategeko.
- Ntabwo byemewe gukurikira[gukora taqlid] kuri mujtahid witabye Imana. Ni ukuvuga ko umuntu utarakora taqlid na rimwe adashobora kuyikora kuri mujtahid wapfuye, agomba gukurikira mujtahid muzima, uriho[10].
Kuguma kuri Mujtahid[marjau taqlid] witabye Imana
- Kuguma kuri marjau taqlid wapfuye ntacyo bitwaye, ni ukuvuga ko iyo umuislamu yari asanzwe akurikira marjau taqlid runaka, nyuma uwo marjau akitaba Imana, uwo muislamu ashobora gukomeza gukurikira uwo marjau yewe no mu bikorwa atigeze akora.
Urugero: Ntiyigeze ajya muri hijja igihe mujtahid we yari akiriho, ubu mujtahid yarapfuye, uyu muislamu yemerewe gukora hijja agendeye ku mategeko ya marjau asanzwe akurikira kabone n’ubwo yapfuye[11].
- Kuguma kuri mujtahid witabye Imana, bisaba uruhushya rwa mujtahid uriho. Iyo mujtahid apfuye, ukimukira kuri mujtahid uriho kandi akaba yemera ko umuntu ashobora gukurikira mujtahid wapfuye, ushobora gukomeza gukurikira marjau wapfuye.
- Umuntu ukurikira mujtahid wapfuye, ku ngingo marjau wapfuye atatanzeho amategeko, akurikira mujtahid uriho.
Inzira zo kumenya marjau taqlid
- Kumugerageza ukamumenya wowe ubwawe, iyo ufite ubushobozi bwo kumenya mujtahid urusha abandi ubumenyi.
- Kumenyekana no kwamamara kwa mujtahid; kuba hagati y’abantu basobanukiwe bizwi ko kanaka ari mujtahid kandi arusha abandi ubumenyi.
- Ubuhamya bw’abantu babiri b’abatabera kandi basobanukiwe ku buryo nta bandi bantu babiri b’abatebera bashobora kunyuranya na bo.
Icyitonderwa:
- Umuislamu ufite inshingano(mukalafu)[12] mu idini, agomba kugira umuhate mu gushakisha kumenya mujtahid urusha abandi ubumenyi.
- Iyo hari ba mujtahid babiri cyangwa benshi banganya ubumenyi, muqalid[13] afite uburenganzira bwo gukurikira uwo ashaka muri bo.
- Iyo ba mujtahid babiri, buri wese afite igice arushamo undi ubumenyi, mukalafu akurikira buri mujtahid muri cya gice arushamo undi ubumenyi.
Guhindura mujitahid[marjau taqlid]
- Kuva ku mumenyi ujya ku mumenyi kurushaho ni itegeko[ihtiyatw wajib[14]]
- Kuva kuri mujtahid uriho ujya kuwo banganya ubumenyi, ntibyemewe.[15]
- Ntibyemewe kuva ku mumenyi kurushaho ujya ku mumenyi
- Ni itegeko kuva ku muntu wakurukiraga ariko ukaza kumenya ko atari yemerewe gutanga fatuwa, ugakurikira mujtahid wujuje ibisabwa.
- Ni itegeko kuva kuri mujtahid watakaje kimwe mu bisabwa ngo abe mujtahid ukurikirwa, ukajya kuri mujtahid wujuje ibisabwa byose. Urugero nko kuba yarataye ubwenge cyangwa yaribasiwe n’indwara yo kwibagirwa.
- Kuva kuri mujtahid witabye Imana ujya kuri mujtahid uriho biremewe[16] kandi ni byo byiza.
- Kuva kuri mujtahid uriho[muzima] ujya kuri mujtahid witabye Imana ntabwo byemewe.[ihtiyatw wajib]
Inzira zo kumenya amategeko[fatuwa] ya mujtahid
- Kumva mujtahid ayavuga
- Kuyumvana abantu babiri b’abatabera
- Kuyumvana umuntu mwe w’umwizerwa
- Kuyasoma mu gitabo cya mujtahid
Icyitonderwa:
- Iyo abantu babiri batandukanyije imvugo kuri fatuwa[itegeko] ya mujtahid umwe, nta na kimwe cyemerwa muri ibyo.
- Iyo umuntu avuga amategeko ya mujtahid akanyuranya n’ibyanditse mu gitabo cya mujtahid, ibihabwa agaciro ni ibyanditse mu gitabo cya mujtahid gusa. Keretse iyo mu gitabo harimo ikosa cyangwa se uwo muntu akaba azi neza ko mujtahid yahinduye itegeko ryanditse muri risalat[igitabo gikubiyemo amategeko ya mujtahid] ye.
- Umuntu wibeshye akavuga itegeko rya mujtahid uko ritari, afite inshingano zo gushaka abo yaribwiye akababwira ukuri agakurabo kwa kwibeshya kwe.
Inshingano z’umuntu wakoze ibikorwa bye adakurikira mujtahid cyangwa taqlid ye ikaba yari ipfuye.
- Umuntu wamaze igihe akora ibikorwa bye adakora taqlid, iyo amenye ko:
- Yakoze inshingano ze neza; urugero akagera ku rwego rwa ijtihad agasanga ibikorwa bye yabikoze nk’uko yabisabwaga.
- Ibikorwa bye yabikoze nk’uko bitegenywa na mujtahid asigaye akurikira.
- Ibikorwa bye yabikoze nk’uko amategeko ya mujtahid agomba gukurikira abitegenya.
Muri ubu buryo bwose, ibikorwa bye yabikoze neza nta kibazo bifite.
- Umuntu wamaze igihe akurikira mujtahid utujuje ibyangombwa, ni kimwe n’umuntu wamaze igihe adakora taqlid.
- Kuguma kuri mujtahid witabye Imana nta ruhushya rwa mujtahid uriho, ni kimwe no kubaho udakora taqlid.
3.IHTIYATW
Ijambo “ihtiyatw” mu rurimi rw’icyarabu risobanura kwitwararika/kwigengesera naho mu nshoberamahanga z’amategeko y’idini bikavuga: kwitwararika mu gukurikiza amategeko y’idini ku buryo umuntu agira ikizere cy’uko yujuje inshingano ze nk’uko abisabwa.
- Gukora ihtiyatw/kwitwararika biremewe ku bantu bose[yaba mujtahid cyangwa se utari mujtahid] ariko ni ngombwa kumenya aho umuntu agomba kwitwararika aho ari ho, gusa abantu bake cyane nibo babasha kumenya aho bagomba kwitwararika. Kubera ko kuhamenya ari ibintu bikomeye cyane bikaba bisaba ubumenyi buri hejuru.
- Rimwe na rimwe kwitwararika bisaba gusubiramo ibikorwa ndetse rimwe na rimwe ntibisabe gusubiramo igikorwa.
Ingero rwa 1: Umuntu utazi niba agomba gusenga isengesho ry’umuntu uri ku rugendo cyangwa agomba gusenga isengesho ryuzuye, iyo ashaka gukora ihtiyatw aba agomba gusenga amasengesho yombi.
Urugero rwa 2: Umuntu utazi niba iqaama na azana ari itegeko cyangwa ari mustahabu mbere y’isengesho, nashaka gukora ihtiyatw ni ngombwa ko abikora.
- Iyo mukalafu azi neza ko igikorwa runaka atari haramu, ariko akaba atazi niba icyo gikorwa ari mustahabu cyangwa ari makruhu cyangwa se ari mubah, agomba gukora icyo gikorwa kugirango agire ikizere cyuzuye cy’uko yakoze inshingano ze neza.
- Iyo mukalafu azi neza ko igikorwa runaka atari itegeko, ariko kaba atazi neza niba icyo gikorwa ari haram, makruhu, mustahabu cyangwa mubah, ashobora kureka gukora icyo gikorwa kuko biba bishoboka ko cyaba ari kibi.
Itandukaniro riri hagati ya ihtiyatw wajib na ihtiyatw mustahab
Mu bitabo by’amategeko bya ba mujtahid hagaragaramo ubwoko bubiri bwa ihtiyatw; ihtiyatw wajib na ihtiyatw mustahab. Ibi byombi bikaba bitandukanye mu buryo bubiri:
Itandukaniro rya mbere: Ihtiyatw wajib, ni ihtiyatw idafite fatuwa naho ihtiyatw wajib ikaba ihtiyatw igendana na fatuwa.
Iyo mujtahid atanze fatuwa ku ngingo runaka akongeraho na ihtiyatw, iyo ihtiyatw iba ari ihtiyatw mustahab. Naho iyo mujtahid atatanze fatuwa ahubwo agatangira avuga ihtiyatw, iyo ihtiyatw ni ihtiyatw wajib.
Urugero rwa ihtiyatw mustahab: Mu gukora ghuslu yo kwibira, umuntu yibiza umubiri gakegake kugeza ubwo umubiri wose wibiye mu mazi, ghuslu ye iba yuzuye ariko ihtiyatw ni uko yakwibira rimwe[kwidumbura mu mazi magari].
Urugero rwa ihtiyatw wajib: Niba umuntu yakoze nazr[umuhigo] ko azaha umukene runaka sadaqat, ntashobora kugira undi aha iyo sadaqat, iyo uwo mukene apfuye, mu buryo bwa ihtiyatw iyo sadaqat agomba kuyiha umuzungura we[w’uwo mukene].
Itandukaniro rya kabiri: Kuri ihtiyatw mustahab, muqalid agomba gukurikiza iyo ihtiyatw cyangwa se fatuwa bigendanye, bityo akaba adashobora kugarukira mujtahid wundi kuri iyo ngingo.
Naho kuri ihtiyatw wajib, muqalid ashobora gukurikiza iyo ihtiyatw cyangwa se akagarukira undi mujtahid[urusha abandi ubumenyi nyuamy’uwo asanzwe akurikira] ufite fatuwa kuri iyo ngingo.
[1]. Ibikorwa byose bya muntu bikubiye muri kimwe mu byiciro bitanu bikaba bifite amategeko abigenga: ibikorwa by’itegeko[wajib],ibikorwa biziririjwe[haram], ibikorwa byiza bifite ibihembo ku wabikoze ariko utabikoze ntabihanirwe[mustahabu],ibikorwa bidafite icyo bitwaye[mubah] n’ibikorwa bibi ariko bidahanirwa[makruhu- muri make ni ukureka gukora ibikorwa bya mustahab].
[2]. Uguhuriza ku itegeko runaka kw’abanyamategeko mu bamenyi b’idini.
[3]. Sunat: ni imvugo, igikorwa bya maasum cyangwa se guceceka kwabo mu gihe baonye igikorwa runaka gikorwa
[4]. Fatuwa ni uguca iteka cyangwa gutanaga itegeko ku gikorwa runaka, bikozwe n’umumenyi mu mategeko y’idini.
[5]. Al Rasaail, Imam Khomeini Umz. 2, Urp. 96
[6]. Al Rasaail, Imam Khomeini Umz. 2, Urp. 99
[7]. Al Urwat al wuthqaa, Umz. 1 fiy taqlid Urp. 15 no. 43
[8]. Al Urwat al wuthqaa, Umz. 1 fiy taqlid Urp. 3 no. 1
[9]. Ibyaha binini ni bya byaha Imana yasezeranije ko izahanisha ababikoze umuriro nko kubeshya, ubujura, Gusebanya,… ibindi byaha bikitwa ibyaha bito.
[10]. Bamwe mu banyamategeko bemera ko gutangirira kuri mujtahid wapfuye byemewe[iyo ukurirkira yari azi gutandukanya ikiza n’ikibi mujtahid akairiho]
[11]. Iyi ngingo ntivugwaho rumwe: -iyo mujtahid wapfuye arusha abandi ubumenyi, ni itegeko kumugumaho –byemewe gusa ku ngingo yashyize mu bikorwa mujtahid akiriho –ashobora kumugumaho gusa ku ngingo yari azi ateganya kuzabishyira mu bikorwa
[12]. Mukalafu: ni umuislamu ukuze kandi ufite ubwenge urebwa n’ibikorwa by’idini
[13]. Muqalid, ni uukora igikorwa cya taqlid, ni umuntu ukurikira amategeko ya mujtahid
[14]. Ihtiyatw wajib[kwigengesera by’itegeko]: iyo mujtahid nta tegeko rihamye ku gikorwa runaka, ategeka abakurikira amategeko ye kugira amakenga no kwigengesera bagakora icyo gikorwa mu buryo runaka. Aha muqalid aba ashobora kugarukira mujtahid ufite fatuwa kuri icyo gikorwa.
[15]. Bamwe muri ba mujtahid bavuga ko byemewe
[16]. Bamwe mu bamenyi bavuga ko, mu gihe mujtahid witabye Imana ari we mumenyi kuruta abandi bitemewe kumuhindura.
